Melancholy in Twelfth Night

Twelfth Night is the merriest of Shakespeare’s romantic comedies, it is also the saddest. The Christian associations of the title suggests the carpe diem theme which runs through the play. Epiphany, according to Christian mythology, is the time when the shepherds recognized the birth of Christ. The feast of epiphany is the last festival of the Christmas season, after which death takes over. This cycle of life is an extension of the ancient pagan fertility rituals. The mood is similar in Keats’s ‘To Autumn’, Hedge-crickets sing; and now with a treble soft The red-breast whistles from a garden-croft;And gathering swallows twitter in the skies. Only, Keats finds reassurance in the fact that swallows will return, but Shakespeare is concerned with the cessation of life which looms over the whole play. Here the recognition is of the transience of life, unlike in Cymbeline where the rediscovery of Perdita symbolises the rediscovery of one’s soul. Significan tly, Twelfth Night is the last of the romantic comedies. After this Shakespeare moves on to the tragedies and the problem plays – this is the last play where joy is not alloyed with problems of evil and anti-life.Everything that is subject to time is valueless, this was the medieval conception. Thus during the middle ages all human activity was directed towards God. Man was given little importance. Then with Renaissance came yet undiscovered knowledge. The new astronomical discoveries allowed man to explore the universe independent of the scriptures. With this was born man’s pride in being man in the mortal universe. And thus man became conscious of the beauty and transience of life. This removed the concept of life everlasting from the framework of eternity.This introduced the prominence of mortality. The dance of death was now more feared than ever. New questions about human existence took form. Comedy seeks to find answers, a meaning of life; yet Shakespeare present s a frail shadowy background to his actions. One of the main governing thoughts in Twelfth Night is the fragility of life. This is the play of youth, almost all the characters are young, and this generates the sadness. Shakespeare asks all to enjoy fleeting life, make the most of the twelve days, scorning the Malvolios.A pattern emerges from all this lot which gives life some meaning. Twelfth Night, despite all its laughter, seems to play upon the keys of loss, affliction and deep bewilderment, which sounds through the gentle beauty of the romance convention and the festive humour. The bonded family words – father, brother, sister – signifies absence, loss of security and a longing. It is this sense of irreparable loss, and the mild apprehension that all this might prove to be a dream provides the poignant dream-like feeling which pervades the play.The loss is internal as well as external. The recognition of one’s self is a dominant theme, and almost all charact ers are haunted by this and hunt for their selves as well as their lost loves. Orsino’s languorously insatiable desire for love and ‘food of love’ in the first scene presents a parodic statement of the omnipresent sense of want. The hunting pun serves to express the search which is already begun. Nevertheless, Orsino’s words set the mood of the play, which, even through all the ‘caterwauling’ of the kitchen group, never fades. Orsino saysThat strain again, it had a dying fall: O, it came o'er my ear like the sweet sound That breathes upon a bank of violets, Stealing and giving odour Orsino’s appetite is soon satiated. The music loses its appeal and his love for love becomes evident. Even the hunting image takes on contemporary significance – Diana becomes the naked truth which makes Acteon wild. This is a parody of Petrarchan conceits and it is fittingly given to Orsino, who, like all in Illyria, is in a state of illusion. Accord ing to Plato’s Symposium love is a hole, an absence longing to be filled.So Twelfth Night is a play of pining: Orsino for Olivia, Olivia for Viola, Viola for Orsino, and comically Sir Andrew and Malvolio for Olivia. This emphasis on pining invokes the classical myth of Narcissus and Echo, and makes a narcissistic triad of self enclosed loneliness. Each of them playing simultaneously Narcissus and Echo with respect to others. They seek their own reflections in the other’s face and own echo in the other’s voice. But more melancholy than this ‘love-sorrow’ is the separation of loved ones by real or apparent death. This again can be traced to the sense of romantic lack as embodied in this state of primary loss.Nearly all characters bear traces of such loss – from the father-brother loss which provides similar traumatic experiences for Viola and Olivia, down to the farcical yet nostalgic exclamation of Sir Andrew: ‘I was adored once, too. â €™ While Viola’s sorrow is genuine, Olivia’s vow to keep her face veiled for seven years seems more like a ploy to ward off Orsino’s unwanted advances. Otherwise her whole behaviour is comically excessive in place of being melancholy. Seven years in black violates the Elizabethan mourning etiquette which prescribed a period of one year for a brother.Olivia closely parallels Orsino – both in her reclusiveness more alleged than borne out – and as a willing victim of introspective melancholia. Olivia’s unnamed brother fades from the surface of the play. But his spirit continues to haunt. For no sooner has the theme of brother loss been sounded in the minor key than it recurs in the major. The ‘eye-offending brine’ of tears gives way to the sea. Olivia’s brother fades into Viola’s. In a drama greatly concerned with wholeness of identity, the twinned heroines are each presented as halves of a pairing, cloven away fr om the male counterpart with whom she started life.In Jungian terms, when Viola assumes the male disguise, it is as if she recapitulates in her own person the lost other, dressing exactly like Sebastian, and as if Olivia also locates her own in Viola. Herein lies the fact that both of them are in an illusory world, it is only the presence of Sebastian which allows a happy resolution, otherwise the imminent result was definitely tragic. There might be an autobiographical element in this brother-sister separation theme. Shakespeare himself was the father of boy-girl twins of whom the boy died before the composition of this play.The twins were eleven and half years old when death separated them. Shakespeare must have felt at heart the wistful sadness in the eyes of Judith the surviving child, which he endowed to viola. Twelfth Night contains a calm, loving elegy, and a myth of rebirth. It feigns that Hamnet, the boy twin, is not dead, but lingers in the unknown, washed up on the shores of Illyria, the land of illusion and lyricism. Prove true, imagination, O prove true This is not only Viola’s, but also Shakespeare’s heartfelt cry. Thus Viola’s sadness resounds with a new meaning. Her exclamation at her entry is,And what should I do in Illyria? My brother he is in Elysium. Her brother comes back to her, but Hamnet does not. Unlike Sebastian, Viola controls herself and centres her thoughts on immediate problems. Her wit allows her to obtain a shelter in an alien and unfriendly world. But her wit also has a touch of the autumnal – in keeping with the autumnal note of the play. And even in her sorrow she can sympathise with others. She understands Olivia’s plots instantly in place of scorn, shows tender understanding, she says, Alas, our frailty is the cause, not we, For such as we are made of, such we be.Her identification with Olivia is appropriate in more ways than one – not only both of them are lovesick, but also they l ong for a brother figure. But Viola’s pathos is more touching. She has to bear messages to her rival from the man she loves. This she does without a murmur and with all sincerity. Her praise of Orsino comes straight from her heart. She is pained to the extreme, and almost reveals herself when Orsino calls women less faithful and lacking in depth of emotion. She tells the Duke: My father had a daughter lov’d a man, As it might be perhaps, were I a woman, I should your lordship.Thus secretly professing her love. But her suppressed agony is felt when she tells Orsino the supposed ending of her non-existent sister’s love whose history was, she tells Orsino, A blank, my lord: she never told her love For she never expects to have Orsino and she dares not aspire to the impossible. As when her brother’s name is mentioned she fears to hope for the best. Shakespeare saves the play from ending in total disaster by bringing in Sebastian and thus allowing Viola to hav e a happy end, in an union with Orsino. In the first scene orsino begins with an imagery of flowers.And the scene ends with flowers: Away before me to sweet beds of flowers! Love-thoughts lie rich when canopied with bowers. The image of flowers comes again and again throughout the play. Flowers symbolise transience – momentary beauty, something that does not last. So Feste tells Olivia: As there is no true cuckold but calamity, so beauty’s a flower. Reminding her that times are never always bad, thus to keep on mourning for something that is past is to waste precious time and no one has world enough and time. Orsino talks about woman’s beauty, asking Cesario to fall in love with some woman younger than he,For women are as roses, whose fair flower Being once display'd, doth fall that very hour. Viola has to agree. She admits that death comes when one has just reached perfection. Speaking not only for women but for all mankind. The flower imagery stresses the carp e-diem theme of the play – cease the day before it ends. This theme is also propagated through the music of the play. In Twelfth Night music plays a vital role, establishing the tone of the play. Through music the emotive basis of human existence is emphasised, which is to be felt rather than perceived cerebrally.There is rare music in Viola. She does not sing, but her words carry poetic inspiration. She echoes Shakespeare’s sonnets when she tells Olivia: Lady, you are the cruell'st she alive If you will lead these graces to the grave And leave the world no copy. Like the early marriage sonnets the theme here is of beauty perpetuated through marriage. But the character who is full of music and is truly melancholy, though not in his attitude or expression, is Feste. Feste is the first true fool of Shakespeare's plays. One of the functions of the clown is to sing. He sings to Toby and Andrew:What is love? ‘Tis not hereafter, Present mirth hath present laughter: Wha ts to come is still unsure. In delay there lies no plenty, Then come kiss me sweet and twenty: Youth’s a stuff will not endure. The fragility of youth and shadow of death – this is in line with the play’s theme and mood and also Feste’s character. His other song, which he sings to please Orsino, is equally sad, Come away, come away death, And in sad cypress let me be laid. Fie away, fie away breath, I am slain by a fair cruel maid. This song continues to reveal Feste’s own bleak future.He is outside the action, an objective onlooker. There is no involvement. He is poor, has no security. He begs to acquire money. For a man of his intellectual capacities this must be disgusting. He has no past, no future and no considerable present. He is a relic of the past, from Olivia’s father’s time. He is constantly threatened with discharge which is as bad as hanging for him. But he lets summer bear it out. Only his song betray his state. Thus in his songs the thought of hereafter is subordinated. In the final scene everyone leaves except Feste, who stays to give the audience a song.A song in which he is transformed from the character to the actor. His final song marks the ending of the play, the ending of the twelfth night. Death’s reign starts from the next day. Feste’s song is nostalgic, he recalls when folly was not as unacceptable or threatening. He also gives a cynical view of marriage as an unwanted responsibility. This casts an oblique perspective on the centrality of marriage in the play as a symbol of concord and resolution. A great while ago the world begun, With hey, ho, the wind and the rain, But that's all one, our play is done, And we'll strive to please you everyday. That’s all one’ signifies from one perspective that since nothing is really important enough to worry about, pleasure and folly are the only activities worth undertaking. From another, similar, perspective the phrase c an be read as hopeless, despairing resignation, pleasure and folly are doomed attempts to escape from an intolerable consciousness of futility. In ‘our play is done’, it is more about the innocent activities than about the play itself. It is a nostalgic recognition of the post innocence state. Feste’s song probably takes place on a dark, empty, silent stage, encapsulating Feste’s loneliness.His life is really as empty. He is as much an outcast as Malvolio, only he is not embittered. He is the artist. Isolated, presenting life, but not belonging to it. His song is a very cynical comment on human existence. To Feste the world does seem like †¦ a tale Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, Signifying nothing. The song is a reminder of the theme of the play – youth and its subjection to time. The question which arises is whether this kind of existence is worth the strife. With this question the curtain descends on Shakespeare’s romantic w orld.The final song, which brings together all the melancholy passages in the play, leaves a yearning in the reader’s mind. A tinge of sadness which fills the heart and leaves a deep impression, is given to the whole play. This song marks a turning point in the world of Shakespearean drama. The playful attitude is done, now it is time for serious businesses of life, which involves the greatest of calamities. Perhaps at the moment Shakespeare himself identified with Feste. He who even with his immeasurable height of mind had to be the public’s jester and servant. Perhaps for an idle moment he wondered, if all this is worth the complications or not.

Festival and Events

Executive Summary The charity sector is large and growing, and has substantial assets at its disposal. Sport charities today form an increasingly important part for the local economy and also promoting healthy living at the same time (Fill, Groan and Fairly, 2012). Serve your racquets! A racquet sports charity event organized by Starry Family. It is a unique sport charity event as it only focuses on racquet based sports, organized to raise funds to help and support single parent's in the State of Victoria, Australia. Serve your racquets! S to be held at major sporting venues in and around the City of Melbourne on the last two weeks of November 2013 with local celebrities taking part in the games to promote the noble cause aimed at promoting family wellness and healthy living. While sport participation continues to represent a prominent aspect of leisure and recreation, there has also been a pronounced shift toward support of charitable causes for both individual consumers and corpora tions (King, 2001). Giving to charity is a complex decision driven by a variety of motives.Research has shown that reciprocity is an important motivating factor for charitable donations among young professionals today (Fill, Funk and O'brien, 2010). Reciprocity involves an individual giving to charity because he or she has benefited from, or anticipates benefiting from, the charity's central activities. Research has also suggested motives related to inherent needs of donors such as self-esteem and the need to help others (Ruthenium, 2000, as cited in Fill, Funk and O'brien, 2010). 1 . Serve your racquets!The idea/theme of this sports charity is that it only focuses on racquet sports such as tennis, badminton, squash and table tennis and etc to raise funds for single parent's facing difficulties in their everyday life. It is a unique charity event which is open to he public over a period of the last 2 weeks in the month of November 2013, allowing more participation from the public. W hat makes it exciting is that participants of the event is allowed to wear any costumes they like as long it is not revealing or indecent clothing. The principle of Serve your racquets!The aim of Serve your racquets! Is to educate the greater community in order to increase their awareness of everyday problems/challenges faced by single parent's. To do this, sports is involved as it is the most common activities in the world, with participation in very country and at all levels of society. Sports have a strong history all levels of society which in turn allows both the participants and the public at large to help those in need by meaner of education and awareness and living a healthy lifestyle at the same time (Fill, Groan and Fairly, 2012).Here is the general outline of the purpose of the sports charity event concept: The purpose of this concept is so that once completed, evaluations can be done to see if the event can be delivered successfully within the available timeshare and res ources. This process is known as the feasibility study (Allen, Harris and McDonnell, 2008). There are three steps in the feasibility study related to events. 1 . The marketing screen 2. The operations screen 3. The financial screen The marketing screen involves examining how the target audience of the event is likely to respond to the event concept (All et al. 008). This meaner that the event managers will need to pay a great deal of attention to media responses and the responses (feedbacks) of those who hear about the event concept. Event successfully, and whether the event managers have these skills and resources or have access to them (Allen et al. 2002). In this case any resources or skills required or the event are generously available, such as security, medical standby services and food stalls. This screen examines whether the event organization has the sufficient financial commitment, sponsorship and revenue to undertake the event (Allen et al. 008). Optimistically the event will have some form of sponsorship support as described in the stakeholder section, and if objectives are reached there will be a profit of over hundred thousand dollars. The key target of the event The goals of the Serve your racquets! Event is to: 1. To raise funds to help and support single parent's. 2. To attract at least ten thousand attendees during the 2 weakling events. 3. Raise over two hundred and fifty thousand dollars in participation fees alone. 4.To earn recognition from all stakeholders (including the public) during the event to formulate it into a major event. 2. The stakeholders of Serve your racquets! Event. L. The organizer Starry Family as the main organizer that will be running the event. II. Internal staff (or Volunteers) The event will require area managers who coordinate the activities in each area (in and around the City of Melbourne), guidance staff who inform and direct attendees and participants, medics for health and emergency services and security in ca se of any unwanted activities and disturbances.Ill. Event planner/manager Event planner and general manager who coordinates and provides logistics for the event. The people who signed up for the event or attending to watch the events. There will be those that come to the event for purely for entertainment reasons, and those who will get involved in buying and selling merchandise. V. Sponsors In the recent decades, sponsorship is no longer seen as a measure of goodwill, but a primary promotional tool in the market mix (Conway, 2004). Therefore it is very likely that this event will receive some benefits from sponsors.VI. Media The many forms of media that will be used to promote and advertise the event is through social media websites, radio along with newspaper advertisements with details such as date, venue, participant fees and other important event details that participants may be interested in. 3. Marketing/Promotion With technology growing at a fast pace, marketing/promoting th e â€Å"Serve your racquets! † event through certain media sources can result in positive revenue and create more attention to the not only fans of the sports but the broader audience.With the rapid growth in social media websites and the easy-to-access ideal through smart phone APS, this form of marketing can become very beneficial in the long run (Wolf, Here, and Walker, 2013). The most commonly used websites to promote a sport charity event through social media are Faceable and Twitter. Besides that, advertisement will be made on newspapers with announcements on the radio. Marketing this event through social media websites can be a very handy way to create awareness and recognition as Faceable has received more than 1. Billion visits a week and twitter receives more than 400 million visits a month (Sullivan, 012). A website linked by social media application will provide the event details such as date, venue, fees and other important event details that participants may be interested in. 4. Contested Meaning Other important decisions that need to be made whilst developing an event concept is the duration of the event and the season, days and times when the event will be held (Allen et al. 2002). The event will be held on the last two weeks of November.Reason being that though it is an outdoor and indoor event the good weather conditions are beneficial as more people would be willing to go out as often as possible. The two weakling events will start on Sunday the seventeenth of November and it will end on Saturday the thirtieth of November. The event times are: Weekdays, am – pm Weekend, loam – pm The weekdays are predicted to attract the seniors and non workers, while the weekend is predicted to attract families and young adults who work on weekdays.The event is expected to be held at the Rod Lever Arena and at the Melbourne Convention and Exhibition Centre. The reason of the choice of venues is that both host venues has very good access to public transportation and both venues as ample of space to host various racquet games. 6. Community Benefit At least 40% of the collected fees will be used to cover necessary expenses incurred during the event. Meanwhile, the rest of the 60% of the collected fees along all personal and pledged donations will go 100% directly to Starry Family for the benefits of single parent's in the State of Victoria.This will help improve and provide a sustainable path for thousands of single parent's. Besides that, the local community has the opportunity to take part in the events to exercise further boosting the image 7. Estimated Economic Impact Starry Family as the organizer will have to rent booths, and tents on venues, generating income for the host of the respective sporting venues. Starry Family will also be setting up booths for sport retailers to sell their sport equipment and merchandise as well as souvenirs for the event.Attendees and/or participants will likely spend money both at the event and in the surrounding community (those traveling to the sporting venues). This will surely boost revenue for businesses located in and round the city as well as making full use of the public transport. 9. List of sponsors Request for sponsorship has been made to the Commonwealth Bank (Australia's largest bank), Rebel Sport (sporting and leisure equipment retailer), Mercer (global leader in HER and related financial advice), The City of Melbourne (as the venue partner) and Woolworth (Australia's largest food retailer). 0. Media and broadcast coverage There will be media coverage by Channel Ten, BBC local radio as well as the Herald Sun newspaper to report on the highlights and latest happenings during the event. 1 1 . Seeking Government funding Request has been made to the State Government of Victoria for funds to partially over the cost of organizing the event if 100% of all personal and pledged donations are to be made to Singleness (Australia's biggest charity for sing le parent's).The contribution of recreation and charity motives in the development of attachment demonstrates motives related to leisure including escape, social, competency, and intellectual. With motives related to charitable giving such as reciprocity, self-esteem, need to help others, and desire to improve the charity play a part in a sport event taking on enhanced importance and greater meaning for participants (Wolf, Here, and walker, 2013).

Addressing the Ill Effects of the Five Paragraph Theme

A student has an Idea; a great, huge, expansive Idea. She wants to write about It, so she turns to the only way she knows how to write. The Five Paragraph Theme. In all of her years of school, she has been led to believe that it is the only good way to write an essay. In the process of writing her essay and forcing all of her ideas into three main topics, she loses a great deal of the important information she had previously planned to write about.But that's okay, she thinks, because at least her writing is well organized and written in an â€Å"acceptable† way, right? Wrong! All their lives, students have been manipulated into believing that five paragraphs in an essay is the only way to go. In reality however, according to Mrs.. Kimberly Wesley, an English teacher at Berkeley Preparatory School, Tampa, Florida, becoming complacent with only being able to write In one format â€Å"stunts the growth of human minds† (57). The FTP was meant to help students with their wri ting and organizational skills after they mastered the art of writing In Itself.Instead, what's been happening Is that teachers eve become satisfied with staying on the edge of the status quo, and have fallen back on using the simply structured â€Å"national phenomenon† FTP as their main teaching method to teach their students how to write efficiently. To create an easy grading system and keep organized order in the class so students think they know what they're doing, they have forced the belief on the children that the FTP is the only way they will ever, and should ever write essays.I myself remember on separate occasions in Junior high when I would receive less than satisfactory grades mainly cause I didn't stick expressly to the FTP. With time, I conformed to the idea, as all of my classmates with me and before me had. Now, In high school, learning that It's not the only way to write, and that it's actually desired to write In a different format, comes as a challenge as well as a relief to me.Along with so many others, I had unwittingly fallen prey to the complacence that came with the belief that I had learned all that my teachers wanted from me, and that besides more complicated topics, not much more would ever be expected of me. Changing the way I've been rating for years will not be impossible, but it will be an uphill road. If a teacher does not challenge a student, they will not ever reach their full potential.When students believe they must stay strictly within their guidelines for their essays, they â€Å"carry seeds of critical thought that are never allowed to grow,† says Wesley (58). Instead they focus mainly on clearly summarizing the effects of whatever they were sent to write about, and not revealing much, or any opinion of their own, as it â€Å"didn't fit within the neat prescribed formula of their thesis† (58). As a result, many essays that ad the potential for great Insight were cut and pruned until only the most bas ic bones remained.In other words, Instead of using It to create an Interesting, more thought provoking essay, students channel all of their energy Into keeping wealth the confines of three neatly connected ideas. Rather than endlessly revolving in this dry, staring them right in the face. They don't need to stick to five paragraphs. Especially when they have topics that are extremely complicated and must fit into, for example six to seven pages. The thought of using only three ideas and five paragraphs to write six to seven page paper seems absolutely ridiculous when one really ponders the notion.What Wesley introduces is that while there must be an introduction, body, and conclusion, there is no set rule that says there must only be one paragraph for each the introduction and conclusion, and only three paragraphs that explain three ideas. As long as you have a clear introduction, body, and conclusion, you can use as many paragraphs and ideas as you like! Wesley calls this the †Å"Rhetorical Process. † A symbiotic relationship is when two organisms share or feed after another in order to main. Take for example, the relationship between feeder shrimp and sharks.Feeder shrimp eat the organisms and plants that get caught in sharks' gills. By them doing so, the shark is able to breathe efficiently, and the shrimp get nutrients that allow them to live and grow. The student and teacher have a similar symbiotic relationship. When the student works harder for the teacher, the teacher works harder for the student, and in doing so, they are both able to grow. The student responds to a teacher's encouragement, and in return, the teacher responds to a student's enthusiasm.When that occurs, the student grows as an independent writer, and the teacher is allowed to accomplish their Job more fully. When teachers go beyond the minimum requirement and revoke the easy, cookie cutter way of teaching that turns out cookie cutter students to pass on to the next grade, but instead build on students strengths, work on strengthening their weaknesses, and teach each student according to their individual potential, they remove the boundaries on the students' learning, and set them free.One way of proposing this change in organizing ideas is o show students different styles of writing, from different time periods and from people of all ages and backgrounds, to show them that there really are many different ways to write. Wesley believes that when students are asked to â€Å"reflect on what format best enables them to voice their concerns and meets the needs of their audience† (60), they are encouraged to become communicators, which will help them immensely out in the real world. Coming from a student's point of view, I agree wholeheartedly.

Crone v. United Parcel Service, Inc. (UPS) Essay

Crone v. United Parcel Service, Inc. (UPS) - Essay Example of Ms Crones own admission to not having appropriate skills, there is no impact on potential discrimination cases and that, within certain boundaries, it would be ethical to include part of the findings within an EEO book and training. Following the decision of the US Court of Appeal, 8th Circuit, to uphold the District Courts ruling that United Parcel Services Inc were not guilty of discrimination in not promoting Ms Crone to the position of Supervisor, two questions arise. Does this open up a possible avenue for future unlawful excuses for discrimination? Is it ethical for DWI1 to include the principals of this case in their Equal Employment Opportunity manual and as part of their training? The facts of the case are these. Ms Crone applied, through her department manager, for a vacant position as supervisor. However, the manager did not recommend Ms Crone, stating that he was afraid she might cry in a confrontational situation. The person who made the final decision also stated that she was declined â€Å"because of her inability to handle confrontational situations, her lack of leadership qualities.† Ms Crone then brought a case for sexual discrimination. However, she accepted that the position required confrontational skills and that; previously she had exhibited some difficulties in this area. The result was that the appeal was denied and the District Court judgement confirmed. The first point to note here relates to whether there was a discrimination based on sex. Section 2000e-2 [Section 703] if the Civil Rights Act (1997) states that an employers must not seek â€Å"(2) to limit, segregate, or classify his employees or applicants for employment in any way which would deprive or tend to deprive any individual of employment opportunities or otherwise adversely affect his status as an employee, because of such individuals race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.† In the case in question this is not the case. The decision was made on the basis of lack

How to Combat Corruption as a Public Administrator Research Paper

How to Combat Corruption as a Public Administrator - Research Paper Example Public administrators can avoid corruption by maintaining ethical behavior as well as providing avenues such as hotlines to the members of the public and staff. In conclusion, the paper indicates that the society in countries such as Haiti and Uganda have negatively been affected by corruption that existed in the past. The US stiff regulations and empowered FBI has made the government to effectively deal with corruption. Corruption entails fraudulent conduct by the individuals who are not only in power but also by the subjects. Basically, it involves providing asking for a bribe and providing it in order for an individual to get a favor. Being a vice that has negative impact on economic, political and social development of a country, corruption is used by the government officials for illegitimate private benefits such as acquiring properties and government funds. Other forms of corruption include embezzlement, extortion, abuse of power, nepotism, favoritism and fraud. One of the major importances of combating corruption in the public service is that it ensures that the negativities that it brings about are abolished. Regardless of the economic position of a country, corruption is known to undermine sustainable development, threaten proper governance, negative impact on the democratic process, and impending economic growth. Within the public sector, corruption has implications that include underminin g people’s confidence, impeding the effectiveness of public service, increasing the cost of public transactions, and reducing tax revenues. Thus, as a public administrator one should be in a position to put adequate measures to address corruption that has emerged as one of the challenges facing the public service globally. From a public administration perspective, corruption has affected management culture in society and ethics in work

Inquiry 1 creative nonfiction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Inquiry 1 creative nonfiction - Essay Example fellow classmates at school due to an unfortunate birthmark appearing on her forehead while at home, she receives less support from her kleptomaniac and alcoholic mother together with her absentee father. Her only sources of comfort and refuge comes from her pet rooster coupled by her favorite meals which us sweetened condensed milk. She prefers ti watch a murfs-like cartoon show known as The Noblets. One day as they had gone to the post office with her mother, Mary stumbles across a New York City telephone book and her curiosity drives her into wanting to know more about the Americans. She decides to write to one of the addresses in the book in a bid to establish more facts about the Americans. She randomly chooses Max Jerry Horowitz and proceeds to write him a letter with a hope that they would become pen friends. The letter is well received by Max who is a 44 year old Jewish atheist and he decides to reply back to Mary owing to the fact that they have some shared interests. This leads into the two becoming very good friends which does not go well with Mary’s mother. Max becomes extremely anxious at the point collapse when Mary asked him about love. Upon his release from the hospital, he hesitates to write back to Mary for a long period of time. As a result Mary becomes despondent thinking that Max had completely forgotten about her. There are a number of themes that have been highlighted by the movie upon close examination. Some of the major themes include neglect that is evident by the manner in which Mary is being treated by her parents. They are less concerned about her and do not care about her happiness neither do they seek to understand their only daughter. I think the producers of the film wanted to offer some life lessons to parents all over the world to watch out on how they are playing their roles as parents. This is a wakeup call to all parents to develop an understanding of their children. The theme of depression is made evident in the film in

Can the United States be said to be dominant within the international Dissertation

Can the United States be said to be dominant within the international financial institutions of the IMF and the World Bank - Dissertation Example IMF (International Monetary Funds) and World Bank are the most prominent international financial institutions that were formed after the World War II with an objective to transfer capital funds from robust to starving countries in the world. Kapur (1999) says that the World Bank was established to serve the purpose of a financial cooperative with the patronage of economically strong countries of the world. The Bank was determined to raise funds from international market at lower rates and disperse them to the economically weaker countries for which it was not easy to borrow from international market at those rates as the Bank. IMF and World Bank have strong economic and political ties. A country willing to become a member of the latter needs to be a member of the former institution. The management framework of both these financial institutions is similar with the striking difference of share allocation system that ascertains the number of shares owned by each member country. Mistry illustrates that share allocation to the members of the World Bank follows no certain rules or obligations, however in the IMF, the share allocation is determined by Quota system where every country owns a specific number of fixed shares. Again in both these institutions, the borrowing countries hold a smaller ratio of the total shares as opposed to the shares owned by the economically stronger countries that enjoy influence over the entire minority. These institutions can exercise a great degree of influence both economically and politically.... Kapur (1999) says that the World Bank was established to serve the purpose of finance cooperative with the patronage of economically strong countries of the world. The Bank was determined to raise funds from international market at lower rates and disperse them to the economically weaker countries for which it was not easy to borrow from international market at those rates as the Bank. IMF and World Bank have strong economic and political ties. A country willing to become a member of the latter needs to be a member of former institution. The management framework of both these financial institutions are similar with the striking difference of share allocation system that ascertains the number of shares owned by each member country. Mistry (1995) illustrates that share allocation to the members of the World Bank follows no certain rules or obligations, however in the IMF, the share allocation is determined by Quota system where every country owns a specific number of fixed shares. Again in both these institutions the borrowing (developing) countries hold a smaller ratio of the total shares as opposed to the shares owned by the economically stronger countries that enjoy influence over the entire minority. These institutions can exercise a great degree of influence both economically and politically over the countries that choose to borrow from IMF and World Bank. Cox (1993) illuminates that the power and influence of these international financial institutions is due to the reasons that their conditions most prominently enhance their power over the borrowing countries, they are formed by economic super powers so as to maintain their power, and their key members mostly represent countries with high economic strength.

The Social and Academic Impacts on Children with Disabilities who are Essay

The Social and Academic Impacts on Children with Disabilities who are Receiving Inclusion in Schools - Essay Example One of the initiatives of the No Child Left Behind initiative, as well as other educational initiatives that have been mooted in recent times, is to include children with disabilities into integrated classrooms, together with normal children. The Individuals with Disabilities Act of 1990 was passed to guarantee equal access to education for children with disabilities. (Motwani, 2007). While the move towards inclusion is a recent trend, the debate on the merits and demerits of educational inclusion have been continuing for decades. This study proposes to undertake a literature review on inclusion in schools and to examine the ramifications of inclusion for disabled children, in order to assess its relative efficacy. This study is purely a literature review and will not support its findings with empirical data gleaned from individual participants. The focus of this research effort is to gain a general idea of the relative merits and demerits of inclusion and its potential or the lack thereof, in affecting the well being and successful integration of disabled students. Since the incidence of disability among students is becoming more widespread, this study is important because it examines one aspect of educational reform that could be effectively used for the benefit of these students, in order to integrate them as productive members of society. The lack of empirical support for this study is one of its limitations. Moreover, this study confines itself to studies that have been carried out after the period of 1996, although some prior material is also examined. The focus of this research effort is on the current findings in the literature and how best it can demonstrate the progress sand efficacy of inclusion. The findings in this study support the conclusion that there is a greater amount of research required into the merits and demerits of inclusion, in terms of ethnographic studies on disabled students. However, the literature review does

Legal Brief Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Legal Brief - Assignment Example f Sony to Court of Appeal for the Ninth Circuit, which ruled in favor of Universal City Studios and others and finally moved to US Supreme which ruled in favor of Sony. The provisions relating to unfair competition of the Lamham Act were applicable to this case in addition to 17 U.S.C. Â § 101 (Copyright Act of 1976). The fair use doctrine for use of copyrighted content, the provisions for copyright infringement in addition to provisions 17 U.S.C. Â § 106, which grants the copyright owners several rights were applicable for giving a verdict in every issue that was raised in this suit. The primary issue that was raised in his suit was whether Sony Corp. was liable for contributory copyright infringement by manufacturing the product named Betamax. The other issue was that whether Betamax itself was a product which could facilitate copyright infringement or it was a product whose purpose was to facilitate legitimate use by the copyright owners. This issue had to be determined in order to find answers to the first issue. The case first moved to the Federal District Court, where Sony Corp. won the case against its plaintiffs. The plaintiffs Universal Studios and Walt Disney then appealed to the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, where decision was passed in favor of the appellants Universal Studios and Walt Disney. Sony Corp. then finally decided to move the US Supreme Court for decision on the issue. The US Supreme Court ruled in favor of Sony Corp. by a 5-4 majority. Thus Sony Corp. was allowed to manufacture Betamax and later a product named VHS in US without becoming liable for copyright infringement and without being liable to pay any damages. The case establishes general rule in favor of technological development and favors the right of the general public to make rightful owners of copyright to make copies through technical devices for their own personal use. The general rule established in this case was that by manufacturing a product which can be used to

Motor Therapy for Children with Cerebral Palsy Research Paper - 1

Motor Therapy for Children with Cerebral Palsy - Research Paper Example The historical treatment for this condition has been challenged and newer forms of treatment have been developed. There is enormous evidence about the benefits of motor therapy in the management of children with cerebral palsy. In this research article, the role of motor therapy in cerebral palsy will be discussed through review of suitable literature. Physical therapy plays a main role in managing cerebral palsy and the focus of physical therapy is movement, function and optimal use of the potential of the child. Physical therapies which have found to be effective in cerebral palsy are neurodevelopmental therapy, conductive education, strength training, postural control, constrained-induced movement therapy, hydrotherapy, passive stretching, orthotic devices and hippotherapy. Through these treatments, promotion, maintenance and restoration of the psychological, physical and social-well being of the child is achieved. Which form of motor treatment is effective is difficult to ascertain owing to lack of high-quality research. The goal of management in individuals with cerebral palsy is not to achieve normalcy or not to cure but to increase the functionality of the patient, improve the capabilities of the patient and sustain health of the child in terms of cognitive development, locomotion, social interaction and independence. Early intensive management yields best results. The most common treatment strategy is a neurodevelopmental treatment or NBT like the Bobath method. In this treatment, specific handling techniques are employed to control muscle tone, abnormal patterns of movement, control of posture, perception, sensation and memory. However, there is not much evidence to ascertain the role of NBT in changing abnormal motoric responses, prevention of contractures and facilitation of functional motor activities.  

Abortion the most controversial issue in the therapeutic profession Essay Example for Free

Abortion the most controversial issue in the therapeutic profession Essay Abortion is an issue that has brought discrepancies in the views of various specialists. The scientists have got into a conflict of interest with the clergymen among other liberal-minded persons in the society. Some scholars have come up with an argument that it is a birth control mechanism and should be encouraged to prevent overpopulation (Fujime, 2012). The perception of this aspect has also varied from one country to another depending on the regulating constitutions. Arguments for Abortion Every single individual is given some fundamental right ensured by the Constitution. One of those benefits is the privilege to seek after bliss. A child can sometimes upset a ladys quest for satisfaction. Regardless of the possibility that she chooses to surrender it for a reception, despite everything she has the weight of conveying the baby for nine months. Having the alternative to play out a premature birth can comprehend that deterrent. Taking ceaselessly this privilege would attack a ladys established freedom. The unwanted child likewise suffers. More often, the mother of the unwanted child is exceptionally youthful and unpracticed or excessively weak, making it impossible to deal with the youngster. The kid is typically malnourished, has no medicinal care, and gets next to no consideration or love. The childcare framework isnt any better. Just a little rate of the kids are embraced by appropriate guardians. However, the rest stay in the child care system, where there is practically no individual care. In both cases, the child has a poor training as a result o f the absence of consideration and discipline. He grows up to be useless individual or a danger to society. Many get included in drugs and violations (Sorenson et al., 2002). These people are likewise exceptionally rough, deficient with regards to the decent quality due little measure of care they got themselves. Over the long haul, does the kid endure as well as society, who needs to tolerate his bad conduct and wrongdoings. Premature birth can be viewed as putting the child out of hopelessness while he doesnt be able to reason or dread. Plainly, fetus removal permits a lady to hold her sacred rights; it alleviates a last enduring child out of his pain, and it sets up a more secure and more serene society. On these grounds, premature birth ought to be kept legitimate and even urged to particular people, for advantages to all of us. The religious belief system is no establishment of any law. The flexibility of religion is ensured to any subject in the United States; so why might the convictions and estimations of one religion command real rules for all natives? It would be unfair, out of line and improper. We dont have laws against eating fish, nor do we have legislation that proclaims it is legitimate to offer ones little girl, assault somebody, or keep a man as a slave all things that are advanced in religious content (Bauman et al., 1980). Many would contend that these ladies could persevere through the pregnancy, spending almost a year of her life essentially re-living the assault and its belongings, again and again, to surrender a child at the end of it for the reception. In any case, we as a whole know about the way that there are an enormous number of undesirable kids anticipating selection at this very moment who stay unclaimed; UNICEF gauges that there are 210 million vagrants on the planet at this time . If they have nobody willing to be their parent or guardian, why might another child have an excellent shot? The regenerative decision can be the main thing that stands between a lady and poverty. There is a reason that the 1 billion poorest individuals on earth are women. In sub-Saharan Africa and West Asia, women normally have five to six children, who abandon them fail to accommodate their families, as well as themselves. The regenerative decision can be the main thing that stands between a lady and demise. Women who confront lethal results of pregnancy should live. Schoolgirls, whose bodies are not yet prepared for labor, are five circumstances more inclined to bite the dust. Not just do 70,000 young ladies ages 15-19 die every year from pregnancy and labor, however, the infants that do survive have a 60% higher possibility of dying also. Abortion is a critical component of ladies rights since ladies are more influenced by the fetus removal debate than men, both independently and as a sexual orientation. Pregnancy enormously affects the woman involved. As Sarah Weddington put it to the US Supreme Court in Roe v Wade: A pregnancy to a lady is maybe a standout amongst the most determinative part of her life. It upsets her body, education, and her work. Whats more, it regularly disturbs her whole family life. A savant Judith Jarvis Thomson composed that an incredible arrangement turns for ladies on whether the premature birth is or is not accessible. If first birthrights are denied, then an imperative is forced on girls opportunity to act in a way that is of extraordinary significance to them. Substantial rights say that many individuals respect the privilege to control ones body as a real key right. If ladies are not permitted to end an unwanted embryo prematurely, they are denied this right. The least complex type of the women rights contention for fetus removal presumes that a lady has the right to choose what she may or may not be able to with her body. The fetus exists inside a females body, and in this manner, she has the privilege to choose whether the baby stays in her body or not. Consequently, a pregnant lady can prematurely end the embryo. The issue realizes many thoughts human rights into mercilessly keen core interest. The important US Supreme Court choice in Roe v Wade to some degree upheld that view when it decided that a ladys entitlement to end her pregnancy went under the flexibility of individual decision in family matters and was ensured by the Fourteenth Amendment to the US Constitution. This leads a few people to claim that it is dishonest to boycott premature birth because doing as such prevents flexibility from securing decision to ladies and strengths the unwilling to hold up under the undesirable. Opponents of this contention usually assault the idea that fetus is part of a ladys body. They contend that a baby is not a same kind of thing from a leg or a liver: it is not only a part of a ladys body but rather is (to some degree) a different individual with its entitlement to life. A moment protest to this contention is that individuals dont have the entire appropriate to control their bodies. All persons are liable to different limitations on what they do with their bodies, and some of these confinements (laws against suicide or killing) are similarly as intrusive. The ladies freedom development view premature birthrights as fundamental for sexual orientation balance. They say that if a woman is not permitted to have a fetus removal, she is not just compelled to proceed with the pregnancy to birth additionally anticipated that by society would support and take care of the subsequent kid for a long time to come. They contend that only if ladies have the privilege to pick regardl ess of whether to have children would they be able to accomplish fairness with men. Men dont get pregnant and are not confined similarly. Besides, they say, ladies opportunity and life decisions are constrained by bearing kids, and the generalizations, social traditions, and severe obligations that ran with it. They likewise respect the privilege to control ones particular body as a real key right, and one that ladies could just accomplish if they had been qualified to prematurely end an unwanted fetus. Margaret Sanger, an organizer of Planned Parenthood, said that no woman could call herself free until she can pick deliberately whether she will or wont be a mother. It is dependably the moralists who make the most mischief. Premature birth is the practical result of development, just the wilderness conceives an offspring and disintegrates away as nature announcements. A man arranges, Max Frisch. Conclusion In summary, abortion is one of the controversial issues in the therapeutic profession. It might be completed to ensure the life of the pregnant lady as well as to fulfill her interests. Numerous debates emerge concerning whether it is moral to end a premature birth, and particularly in regards to an individuals self-governance. A man has a directly over actions made over his/her body, in spite of the fact that in the human services profession, the guideline of helpfulness supersedes a mans self-rule. Ladies require free access to fetus removal keeping in mind the end goal to accomplish full political, social, and financial balance with people. Women need the privilege to premature birth with a specific end goal to have some same flexibilities from men and to have full rights over their bodies.   Without this right, they dont have an equal sound status from people. References Bauman, Karl E., and Ann E. Anderson (1980). Legal abortions and Trends in fetal and infant mortality rates in the United States. American journal of obstetrics and Gynecology 136.2,194-202. Chen, K. Prof. Jacobs (November 11, 2010). Adolescent pregnancy one year later: the effects of abortion vs. motherhood in Northeast Brazil. Journal of Adolescent Health, 29(3), 223-232. Fujime, Y. (2012). A follow-up study of women who request an abortion. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 43(4), 574. Sorenson, Susan B., Douglas J. Wiebe, and Richard A. Berk (2002). Legalized abortion and the homicide of young children: An empirical investigation. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy 2.1, 239-256. Zeileis, A., Koenker, R., Doebler, P., Zeileis, M. A. (2015). Package ‘glmx’.

Fiery Nationalism Essay Example for Free

Fiery Nationalism Essay For more than five centuries it has been, and remains, the world’s â€Å"most powerful idea†. Nationalism is a key characteristic of traditional global politics. Despite its strength however, nationalism is not as dominant a political identity as it once was. Nationalism had existed throughout human civilization; it became a major political movement, in large part because of centuries of imperialism. As countries expanded their borders through warfare and colonialism, the map of the world was completely redrawn. Geographic lines were shifted to create political entities based on the â€Å"winners† and â€Å"losers† of conflicts rather than based on ethnic lines of indigenous populations. Nationalism is a doctrine invented in Europe at the beginning of the nineteenth century. It pretends to supply a criterion for the determination of the unit of population proper to enjoy a government exclusively its own, for the legitimate exercise of power in the state, and for the right organization of a society of states. Briefly, the doctrine holds that humanity is naturally divided into nations, that nations are known by certain characteristics which can be ascertained, and that the only legitimate type of government is national self-government. Another definitions of nationalism are: devotion and loyalty to one’s own nation; excessive patriotism; the desire for national advancement or independence; the policy or doctrine of asserting interest of one’s own nation, viewed as separate from the interest of other nations or the common interest of all nations. Referring to the period 1900-1920, the positive part about nationalism as a political movement was that it allowed them to come together and overthrow imperialism. By the beginning of the twentieth century, nationalist movements threatened to tear apart the established empires and the world order the empires had created. On the other hand, the negative part was that it led to colonial wars for independence and civil wars within countries comprised of multiple nations. The problem for nationalist was that it was often difficult to determine exactly where some ethnics group began and others ended, which led to conflict between nationalities living together within a country. It’s true that imperialism and militarism were factors in WWI, but both were byproducts of nationalist governments. The alliance system also would not have caused war if it were not for nationalism. Serbian seeking to gain territory at Austria-Hungary’s expense, and members of a secret society collaborated together to kill the Austrian heir to the throne. This was the spark plug, nationalism, for the war. Nationalist-driven violence was certainly nothing new in the Balkans and what was left of the Ottoman Empire, so it was somewhat surprising that a politically motivated assassination in the region could lead to such large-scale warfare. No one thought it would take much longer than six months to wrap up, because each believed its alliance was clearly superior to other. Instead, the violence dragged into one of the deadliest conflicts in human history. From the period 1921-1945, the Interwar years from 1919 to 1939, it is a period that the conflict was not ended. Nationalism was negative. The frustrated nationalism created by the Treaty of Versailles, the social effects of the Great Depression and ongoing investment in military technology were the road for the next war WWII. In 1929, the Wall Street Market crash and hit Germany hard because the economy was built on mostly loans from America and was dependent on trade, so when the loans needed to be paid and there was no trade, Germany’s industrialism stopped; German workers were laid off, banks failed so saving and accounts were wiped out, inflation made it difficult to purchases necessities. Hitler decided that he needed to do everything at a political level, so that he will be seen as a legitimate leader and not someone associated with violence and bad things; he wanted to highlight the failings of other political parties. Hitler’s inflamed sense of nationalism encouraged him to share his beliefs and values with his fellow countrymen. His strong dependence on his beliefs gave him the reassurance he needed to do whatever he could to further his cause, no matter what people thought about him. Depression really took hold of Germany, and Germany had to repay the debt created by the Young Plan; Hitler tried to defeat the Young plan and this campaign made him a political force throughout the country; in his campaigning he turned down his Jewish hatred and promised to get rid of Communists and â€Å"other enemies† and to reunite Germany and other German speaking parts of Europe. Extremist were losing popularity because stability was returning; German Nationalist party made him respectable asking for him to help campaign against the Young plan’s repayment arrangements; Nazi party won 18.3% of the vote in September 1930. German nationalism made German citizens sympathize with one another, and the thought of more or worse poverty because of the repayments to America worried them all. Hitler, although not the most popular politician in the works at the time, definitely was able to wiggle his foot in the door because of the small amount of doubt in the minds of the people. Hitler was trying to create a sense of nationalism in German people, to the point where they felt they were better than any person of any other race. By creating a clear separation, Hitler was able to set the German’s apart from others living in the same area. Hitler felt that the only way Germany would return to order was through the Nazi regime. By combining Chancellor and President, he ensured that he would be at the head of the government and could spread his fiery nationalism to his people. German citizens may not marry or have sex with Jews in order to keep the blood pure (punishment of hard labor); Jews are not allowed to employ female German citizens under 45 as domestic workers (punishment of imprisonment or hard labor). Hitler really began to try to drive a wedge between Germans and Jews so that nationalism was felt very differently by the two different groups. In encouraging the nationalism and superiority in the German citizens, he made them feel better and feel against the Jews. Hitler formally ends obedience to the Treaty of Versailles; German warplanes attack a Spanish town, and this becomes the first air bombardment of an undefended town in history. Hitler outlines plans for a future war, confiding in his general of his intent to destroy Czechoslovakia; this was the beginning of Hitler’s process of beginning war. Nationalism flexes its muscles here, as the Germans show their new might in their air force and their defiance of the Treaty of Versailles, hereby raising confidence of the German people in their own government and fear of Germany for other countries. The German people were ready for a war. They believed because their leader had taught them to, that the only way to improve their situation was to fight for it. Nationalism prepared them for a war, and not only were they ready for the act, but they were ready to accept the consequences. Their need for stability as a country transcended other needs, and they were ready to do what it took to achieve their goals. WWII was the result of Fascism, and fascism involved nationalism. It is about returning one’s nation glory days. Hitler and Mussolini both sought to take lands that they felt were those of their nation. Hitler wanted the land Germany had lost in war, and much more. Some of the most horrific parts of WWII, such as Holocaust, were direct products of nationalism. Jews were considered to be a different nation by Germans and thus, the government tried to eliminate them, along with others who they felt were not real Germans. From the period 1946-1999 people have been promised self-determination and were frustrated when the political leaders they trusted to deliver it had failed to do so. This period nationalism was in some part positive. This time they would fight for independence and create their own identities through civil war, political revolutions, and migration. With ongoing nationalistic-driven, postcolonial, and identity-related violence marking almost every region of the world and a â€Å"cold war† prevailing on a global level, the structure for the latter half of the twentieth century was established. The Cold war was an ideological conflict in which is side use its growing military technology and alliances systems to stop the spread of the opposing ideology. Because no one wanted a nuclear holocaust, the superpowers relied on others (proxies) to engage in battles for them. The process of decolonization was the final death toll of the imperial system that structured the world until the mid-twentieth century. And because it took place in the midst of a Cold war rivalry with two superpowers vying for ideological control, the process was fraught with violence. Nationalist sought independence from foreign domination. The most violent example how the Cold war affected decolonization was the civil war in Vietnam. The fifteen-year military conflict funded by the United States, the USSR and the PRC showed the countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America what decolonization could lead to during the competitive Cold War, and it certainly was not independence. Arab nationalism rose up against centuries of Western imperialism; Islam took on Judaism and Christianity; and ethnic and religious groups fought over territory each claimed legal and history rights to. Also we see, Africa nationalist movement demanded independence some came peacefully, other not. Ghana was a peaceful transition under Kwame Nkrumah, and for Kenya was a violent transition under Jomo Kenyatta. India had been a British colony for many years, the movement led by Mohandas Gandhi pushed for independence, he used a peaceful way not violent- methods to get independence. In conclusion, in my opinion, nationalism has been a positive force, but it has also brought despair and destruction to the world. One side of positive nationalism: which I defined as the proper love of one’s country and the respect which is due to every culture and nation. The other side, the negative nationalism: an unhealthy form of nationalism, which teaches contempt for other nations or cultures and seeks to advance the well-being of one’s own nation at the expense of others.

Management Responsibilities at Tesco

Management Responsibilities at Tesco In this study I try briefly to focus on the super market company, Tesco, with emphasis on the operational responsibility of a facility manager, legal, health and safety (HS) obligations, administrative system, day to day responsibility of a facility manager. Introduction: Tesco is one of the largest food retailers in the world (the largest in the UK) and its objectives are to provide its staff with all the necessary training and equipment to perform their everyday jobs efficiently and provide their customers with a service that is second to none. Tesco aims to deliver cheaper and the best available products for its customers, from the best suppliers and also long term reductions throughout the business. Tescos aim is to try and make their customers shopping trip as easy as possible and make sure they spend less per product and get the best value. Tesco are now providing more and more non food products/services including Electrical, Car and Home insurance, Broadband etc. (http://www.tescoplc.com) The responsibilities of the facilities manager for staff engaged in facilities operation (p1) There is a lot of responsibility of a facility manager for the staff engaged in facility operation. The responsibilities related staffs includes Employment condition Pay issue Training and development The wages Holidays TUPE etc. Arranging the appraisal includes certificate safety hand book Keeping report of incident, inspection, HS etc. Legal issue includes Working time regulation ( average 48 hour in a week for full time employee) Rules of dismissal Transfer of undertaking according to the law. The facility manager needs to ensure all the facility according to the law . Responsibility of a facility manager has to operational aspects of the building (p2) Facility manager need to confirm Building space allocated properly. A safe, comfortable and productive environment for the entire employee and the customers visiting the building. Ensure efficient use of building HAVAC, electrical and mechanical system. Demountable walls for office and conference rooms are encouraged for greater flexibility. Flexible modular etc. Manager need follow some regulation The main requirement, workplace (health, safety and welfare) regulation 1992 and their associated approved code of practice (ACOP) Health and safety (display screen equipment) regulations 1992 Building regulations 2000, approved document. (www.HYPERLINK http://www.buildingdesign.co.uk/mech/landisstaefa/landis.htmbuildingHYPERLINK http://www.buildingdesign.co.uk/mech/landisstaefa/landis.htmdesign.co.uk/mech/landisstaefa/landis.htm) Responsibility of facility manager has towards customers using the facility (p3) Customers are most important part for any supermarket. They should provide some facility for customers And facilities manager maintain all of these facilities which are using by the customers. The responsibilities of facility manager regarding this are- Identify the customer and their need. Provide product information to customer Ensure customer service like customer care assistant, customer care department, complaint center etc. Ensure health and safety issue for customer. Good access for disabled customer. Good security policy for customers. I.e. CCTV, security guard. Information center. Disable toilets Wash room Car parking Sign board for identifying the product. Self service till etc. Impact of employers and funding agencies on facilities operations (P4) The facility manager has to know about conditions and regulations of management board. Ownership of facilities, the employers, management board, local authorities and different funding agencies have important role on facility operation. The manager needs to ensure the facility for them as well as to follow the rule and regulation. Time share programme Car parking facility etc. The demand of authorities Their social tradition etc Recruiting policy Customer facility (car parking, security, health and safety policy) Participate in different environmental and social activities (local club, cultural program) etc. The statutory regulation that affects facility operation (P5) Statutory regulations have important effect on facility operation of any organization. The six-pack consists of six key sets of regulations introduced together in 1992. Some of them have been updated. They are * Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 (Management Regulations) -make a suitable and sufficient assessment of the risks to employees (including, specifically, young people and pregnant women) and others affected by their work activities. -plan, organize, control, monitor and review health and safety arrangements etc * Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992 (Workplace Regulations) -These regulations govern much of the responsibility which facilities managers have for ensure that the work premises are clean, comfortable, well-lit, well-ventilated and well-organized. * Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992 -Manual handling is the transporting or supporting of a load by hand or bodily force, including lifting, putting down, pushing, pulling, carrying or moving. * Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998 (PUWER) -Employers must ensure all work equipment (such as tools, photocopiers, vehicles, manufacturing plant) is safe to use, maintained in a safe condition and is inspected for safety by a competent person, used only by trained personnel etc. * Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992 (PPE Regulations) -assess whether PPE (such as face masks, gloves etc.) is suitable and provide it to employees exposed to risks, ensure items of PPE worn together are compatible etc. * Health and safety (display screen equipment) regulation 1992 (DSE Regulation) -Every employer shall ensure that any workstation which may be used for the purposes of his undertaking meets the requirements laid down in the Schedule to these Regulations. There are some other key statutory regulations the employer and facility management need to know. Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 1994 (CDM Regulations) Control of Asbestos at Work Regulations 2002 (CAW Regulations) Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 (COSHH) Health and Safety (Consultation with Employees) Regulations 1996 Health and Safety (First Aid) Regulations 1989 Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998 (LOLER) Health and Safety Information for Employees Regulations 1989 Health and Safety (Safety Signs and Signals) Regulations 1996 Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995 (RIDDOR) Safety Representatives and Safety Committees Regulations 1977 All regulations effects the facilities operations of Sainsburys and the management system need to be care full about this regulations. In every supermarket they have some legal issues that never been changed or broken. These legal issues sometimes affect in different way in business. These legal issues are most important for customer staff. These issues probably made by the government and under the company. As following Disability Discrimination Act (DDA) 1995 Sexual Discrimination (Gender Reassignment) 1999 Employment Equality (Sexual Orientation) 2003 Facilities manager responsibility is to maintain all of these legal issues. They never did any differentiate between all of these categories peoples. Health and safety measures implemented by a facility manager (P6) Health and safety in work is one of the most important issues. The facility manager needed to follow the rules and regulation of health and safety issues and should have a nice risk assessment procedure. There are two types of risk Pure risk like fire, storm, theft, violence etc. Business risk such as change of customer expectation, Government policy, Economic impact (credit crunch) etc. Organization needs to follows HSEs five steps for risk assessment- Look for the hazards. Decide who might be harmed and how. Weigh up the risks and decide whether existing precautions are adequate or more needs to be done. Record your findings 5.Review your assessment and revise it if necessary. Tesco follow the regulations given below to maintain health and safety in their organization. * Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 (COSHH) According this regulation the employer must follow these criteria- Make a suitable and sufficient assessment of health risks to employees exposed to hazardous substances. In order of preference, prevent exposure, control exposure or provide PPE provide health surveillance for exposed employees keep exposed employees health records for 40 years attach safety data sheets to COSHH assessments. * Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995 (RIDDOR) According this law tacos health and safety executive (HSE) need to make all the reports of injuries, disease of employees and dangerous occurrence in workplace. These health and safety rules are provided for customers and staffs for keep them safe from any unexpected accident. The health and safety measures that implemented by a facility manager, is Ventilation Temperature Lighting Floor space Sanitation Cleanness and waste materials Fire exit Risk assessment First aid Health and safety training (www.unitetheunion.com) The documentation required to statutory regulations and health and safety measure (p7) Tesco follow a proper documentation system and paper work regarding the statutory regulations and health and safety measures. By keeping the paperwork of their annual health and safety reports. This report provides all the data about serious injuries, facility change, controlling health and safety risks etc. Always keep the HSE posters to maintain control the health and safety of employees. Follow the regulations of fire authority by fulfilling their expectation. By ensuring that the stores have enough fire exits, fire alarms, fire blanket, first aid kit, fire exit sign and train the employees about fire risk Employers liability (compulsory insurance) Act1969 is maintained by Sainsbury to ensure the value of employees. Sainsburys supermarkets have active monitoring system and they take proper reaction regarding the results. In the case of safety representatives, the information must also be sufficient to enable them to carry out their functions under the Regulations. These include: investigation of potential hazards and dangerous occurrences and examine the causes of accidents investigation of members complaints making representations to the employer consulting and receiving information from HSE inspectors and other enforcement officers on behalf of members attending meetings of the safety committee The Facility manager must ensure that each safety representative is provided with reasonable training, in respect of that representatives functions under the Regulations, for which the employer must pay. System processing information and maintaining communications (p8) Before setting the system we need to think some criteria. The system need to cover all data and information of customers and its employees. i.e., For management information there should be information on planning, benchmarking and performance measurement. For property management there needs to be information on property, portfolio control, estate diary and real estate development. For maintaining communication there need to effective IT system. Where customers can get all the information. Also communicate with the customers using media like advertisements, promotions and the website. An effective IT systems is using in the organization to keep the records of customers. Control system required for effective facilities operations (p9) The term control system may be applied to the essentially manual controls that allow operating internal facilities operation. An effective and efficient planning system is important for long-term economic progress. In this sector it includes companys financial issues. In this sectors it is include accounting department store lease cost suppliers payment Stores internal wages staff salary sick pay maternity pay paternity cost store maintenance cost Yearly bonus Pensions Training and development cost Customer facilities cost A good recruiting process need to be controlled by their human resource department. Advertising the vacancies through their website. Receive the applications Consider the applications and calling for interview Choose the right person A good control system is being applied in giving salaries and wages. They also expense money for staff training, new technology development etc. System needed by a facilities manager to support effective building management (p10) A building management system (BMS) is a computer based control system installed in building which normally comprises- Power systems Illumination System Electric Power control system Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning HVAC System Security Observation system Magnetic card and access system Fire alarm system Lifts, Elevators etc. Plumbing system Operational benefits like as low operating cost, high productivity and efficient use of building etc. Maintenance companies benefits are effective use of maintenance staff, ease of information, detecting problems etc. The communication maintained by Ethernet and internet both guest and employee. Appropriate criteria to evaluate the quality and effectiveness of facility operation (P11) Facility management department need to follow appropriate criteria to keep the quality and effectiveness of facility operations in a good level. This is involves the relation of the cost and level of performance. For that we need to know about the resource drivers which help in deployment of resource. Tescos resource drivers can be classified as Quantitative: the floor area of stores, number of stores etc. Qualitative: geographic location of Tescos, their product quality etc. Economic: tax and interest rates, market condition etc. Operating condition: specific lease condition of buildings. Then the facility manager needs to think about their market targets and current performance data. To ensure the performance data FM can use CAFM facility and helpdesk software. The FM should have clear concern about the facility system of competitor. Moreover, Facility manager need to think about sustainable property idea which is based on the principle that the construction and operation of buildings do not lead to any environmental deterioration of natural world resources. FM should consider following to achieve the objective; pollution: reduction in emissions from service vehicles Waste: recycling of waste material where possible, e.g., paper, batteries. Implement evaluation and review procedures to analyse the quality and effectiveness of facility operation (P12) Tesco aims to deliver cheaper and the best available products for their customer. The FM try to make their customers shopping trip as easy as possible and make sure they spends less per product and get the best value. A proper implementation of facility operation will help Tesco to, Keep the operational cost to a minimum Make a safe and healthy place to work follow all the regulations Make all the systems effective etc. Tesco always collect information and data of their competitors, bench marketing, and share market and to comparing data from different organizations. All written documents and feedback of previous operations make it easy to make the quality and effectiveness of facility operation high. Tesco created different facility like as good customer service good access facility(disabled access, space for wheelchair) Enough information facility for of their products Easy to shop (online shopping, free home delivery) etc. Overall a quality and effective facility operation brings these key benefits for Tesco Effective management of organisations assets Enhance staff skills Enables new working styles and process Enhances an Sainsburys identity and image Delivers business continuity and workforce protection in an era of heightened market turbulence and security threats Conclusion and recommendation: As we have seen the responsibility of a facility manager in terms of facility operation, Tesco has mastered and exploited all the concept of facility operation and become the market leader. As a facility manager would like to recommend my managing director to ensure the IT facility and self service till facility at all the store.

The Speckled Band - Arthur Conan Doyle :: English Literature

The Speckled Band - Arthur Conan Doyle â€Å"What appeal would the story ‘the speckled band have had for a Victorian audience† The story â€Å"The Speckled Band† was written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, and published in â€Å"The Strand Magazine† in 1892. The story contains the very famous and popular character Sherlock Holmes. In this essay I will discuss the popularity of the Holmes stories for a Victorian audience. To do this I will look at the use of realistic locations, the originality of the Holmes character and the use of a first person narrator (Dr. Watson). â€Å"The Speckled Band† is a story that portrays life in the Victorian audience. In this story a woman pleas for help from Holmes about the death of her sister Julia. The story goes on to look for the audience to convict the woman’s stepfather. Holmes finds out the stepfather is planning to kill her and finds out that the stepfather was the cause of her sister’s death. The only motive Holmes had foe the stepfather for killing his stepdaughter was for the inheritance. He also commits the murders by cleverly training a snake to climb down a rope bell and on to the bed and poisoning the victim. The Victorian readers thought that Holmes was a real person in those days. This realism is created because Holmes lived at a real address in the stories, at Baker St. 221B and the stories are written as real cases. Holmes is a very charismatic and mysterious. In one of the stories he is called â€Å"the most perfect reasoning and observing machine† in ‘A scandal in Bohemia.’ He is shown as the Victorian ‘new man’, who uses his brains and scientific deductions to solve things. We are told how he makes â€Å"deductions as swift as intuitions.† He is also chivalrous and often helps women in distress, and he never accepts payment for his heroics, whilst he helps people within the Victorian community. He seems to be a loner and is seen as an individual and he doesn’t seem to like other people. Helen Stoner is the daughter of a tyrant of a stepfather where she is woman in anguish and agony. She is worried about becoming a victim as her sister was before her. Being a woman in distress is a key element in Victorian stories as well as the Holmes stories. She is seen as vulnerable and scared like a ‘hunted animal.’ Helen appears to be melodramatic, for example she wears a â€Å"black veil† when she visits Holmes, years after her sister’s death, and shows the audience that she is deeply distressed.

gambling Essay examples -- essays research papers

In the last year Americans have wagered $482 billion dollars in the United States. Over eighty-five percent of this wagering took place in casinos which are now legal in twenty-seven states. In the past decade there has been incredible growth in the gambling industry. Twenty years ago if a person wanted to gamble they had to go to Nevada. Nowadays, there are only six states in which no form of legalized gambling exists. Proponents of the gambling industry feel that this growth is a good thing a nd that it is helping the national economy. However, there are many opponents that feel that gambling is hurting families and society. Indeed, there needs to be a limit to the growth of the gambling industry, although, this industry does have some merit s they don't outweigh the costs to society. Proponents of the gaming industry insist that gambling is good clean fun, and that so many people enjoying something can't be wrong. In fact, proponents are quick to point out that fun is not the only issue; in addition, these new casinos have created thousands of jobs. Furthermore, not only have casinos created new jobs, but there has been an increase in tax revenue for the cities that have casinos. Indeed, the increase in tax revenues has helped to rebuild some rundown inner cities and river fronts areas. These people argue there is little reason to worry about gambling as most people will only lose a small amount of money and will have a fun time losing it. However, op...

A More Responsible Approach to Animal Research, Testing, and Experiment

It’s Time for a More Responsible Approach to Animal Research, Testing, and Experimentation The debate about using animals for medical testing has been raging for years. The struggle always seems to be between extremist animal rights activists who believe that animals should never be used for research, and scientists who believe that any use of animals is acceptable. There are a growing number who argue that there must be a reasonable middle ground. I contend that there must be a significant decrease in the number of animals used by humans to further human goals. I will give a historical account of animal use, provide some statistics about animal use, present some arguments against the use of animals and present Singer's view as well as my own. To conclude I will present a new idea that has become important to the animal protection movement, paving the way for more moderate discussion concerning animal welfare. Animals were used for the study of the life sciences in ancient Greece. To learn about body functions scientists would cut into a live animal to observe the processes that were occurring. Animals have been used for centuries to help researchers understand the various organs of the body and their functions as well as to hone their surgical skills (jhsph). In the 19th century there was a rise in biomedical research and a subsequent rise in the number of animals used in experiments. Then came the birth of the animal rights movement in a large scale. Bentham's question of whether or not animals can suffer became the rallying cry of the animal protection movement at the time. The Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals in Great Britain and in the United States was created in the 19th century... ...you can have longer, fuller looking lashes. Then consider the alternatives. Lists of companies that use animals for testing are published on the web. Ask questions about what is happening in the basement of this very building. I'm not advocating the complete abolishment of testing but rather, a responsible outlook on the types of testing done and the alternatives. WORKS CITED * "Alternatives to Animal Testing on the Web." http://altweb.jhsph.edu/  Ã‚  Ã‚   * Burne, Jerome. "Animal Testing is a disaster." The Guardian. 24 May 2001. http://www.guardian.co.uk/ * "Questions and Answers about the Animal Welfare Act and its Regulations for Biomedical Research Institutions." USDA. http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/legislat/regsqa.htm * "Research Animal Use - Types Numbers and Percentages." The Humane Society of the United States. http://www.hsus.org/

Midterm Congressional Elections

On 7 November 2006, the United States midterm elections were held. Results of the said elections show that the Democratic Party got the majority in the gubernatorial seats as well as the United States House and Senate seats. This feat was dubbed as the â€Å"Democrat Revolution† as the Democratic Party mustered enough seats in both houses of the legislature for the first time since 1994. Traditionally speaking, the US midterm elections was seen as an assessment of the incumbent political leaders – whether their political and economic policies are acceptable to the American people, whether conditions of living has markedly improved during the President’s administration. This 2006 elections is no different from that traditional viewpoint. In fact, social critics did hope for a Democrat victory as a clear and concrete manifestation of the disgust of the public on how President Bush administers his office. In a sense, it concretized the past negative net satisfaction that America has been giving the incumbent president. Given that the recently held elections was an assessment of the Republican President and its supportive Republican Congress, let us take a look at how the voters appraised their leaders. I agree at how political analysts gave the remark that the Americans voted through the issues of national and international import rather than of the local affect. The global image of America was at stake with the manner of handling of the Bush administration with Iraq. Yes, the US invasion of Iraq proved to be a quagmire for President Bush. Two years after he had declared that the war was over and we have brought â€Å"democracy† to that side of the middle east and even after the capture of Saddam Hussein, US troops continue to be maimed and die in the fronts of Iraq. Though until now, the supposed weapons of mass destruction are yet to be found in Iraq while its neighbors and other countries are the obvious ones that harbor these weapons. Honesty is an issue here as the public believes that they were led to support a war that could prove to be a bigger blunder in the contemporary world history. Americans felt they were deceived,  and this perception was shown in the past surveys. Only, it was concretized in the recent midterm elections. The Democrats promised reforms in the Iraq policy, and it also mirrored their platform for changes in the present international policies of the US government, i.e. war on terror. However, this is just one side of the idea running in the heads of Americans on Election Day. The other half, which stems from the â€Å"war on terror† policy, is homeland security. The haphazard management of President Bush on the Iraq war, including war crimes and economic costs, did trickle down to the manner of homeland administration. The people can very well remember how the Bush administration mismanaged its disaster and security measures during Hurricane Katrina. Still related with the national and international policies, the immigration policy of the Bush administration has been highly criticized. Though the Americans understand that the issue of security is a factor in the hard-line immigration policy, most believe also that it must not go overboard to even create an environment that fueled anti-America. To the general public, that is a no-no, of course. Homeland security policies must not fuel another rage of racial discrimination in this free country. What then should we expect with a Democrat Congress and a Republican President?   Some pessimists say: not much. While the more optimists say that there will be marked changes built on the former, but the running current may most likely pull the same efforts as before. Clashes between the Iraq issues will have to happen, and this might be good for a democratic country in the name of the highly-regarded principle of check-and-balance. The situation, though, is that President Bush still has the final say in the arena of international security policies like that of Iraq.   In the end, we are always hopeful that this will improve the lives of the Americans here and abroad. We are always hopeful that the changes will be done.

Macroeconomics and Government Essay

1. Give an example of a government policy that acts as an automatic stabilizer. Explain why this policy has this effect. According to our text, automatic stabilizers are changes in fiscal policy that stimulate aggregate demand when the economy goes into recession without policymakers having to take any deliberate action. Automatic stabilizers come in the form of our tax system and government spending. As an individual’s income increases, they get put in a higher tax bracket. When the economy goes into a recession, the amount of taxes the government receives falls. The amount of taxes that the government receives is tied into economic activity so as earnings and incomes fall in a recession, the government’s revenue falls as well. In a recession, more and more people become eligible for benefits such as unemployment benefits, welfare benefits, and other forms of income supplements for the poor. The increase in government spending stimulates the aggregate demand at the same time that the aggregate demand is insufficient causing the economy to be more stable. Automatic stabilizers act in a quicker fashion than if the government were to create laws in order to stabilize the economy. This would mean that they would have to recognize when a recession is occurring, create, and then enact the law to stabilize the economy. But by the time the effects of the law can be recognized, the recession could have been gone and over with. 2. How would a downward change in the money supply affect you personally? How would it affect your career? What impact would rational expectations have on your decisions in this situation? 3. What is the theory of liquidity preference? How does it help explain the downward slope of the aggregate-demand curve? The theory of liquidity preference states that the economy’s interest rate adjusts to balance supply and demand. The first piece of the theory of liquidity preference is the supply of money. The Federal Reserve is who controls the money supply. They buy government bonds which are deposited into banks turning the money into funds for the bank reserves. They sell government bonds which make the bank reserves fall. These changes lead to changes in the banks’ ability to make loans and create money. The Federal Reserve can also alter the money supply by changing the amount of reserve required for each bank to hold or the interest rate at which banks can borrow from the Fed. The second piece of the theory of liquidity preference is money demand.

An Outline and Evaluation of Moral Development Through

An Outline and Evaluation of Moral Development through Piagets Theory and the Social Learning Theory Piaget (1932) developed a major theory based on children’s cognitive methodology when approaching particular moral situations; using the game of marbles and moral stories/dilemmas to evaluate the moral development a child. In his evaluation he categorised children into three stages of moral development i. e. pre-moral (0-5yrs), Moral Realism (5-8/9yrs), Moral Relativism (+9yrs).Concluding that children under five didn’t consider moral reasoning Piaget concentrated on the two latter stages. Piaget believed these stages are innate, they occur naturally; only through cognitive development will a child begin to move from moral realism to moral relativism. Moral realism is when a child has a heteronomous moral perspective with unilateral respect showing unconditional obedience to adults. They are egocentric and their moral judgement is based on consequences and intentions are not considered, with punishment being expiatory and usually unjustifiably severe.When a child reaches the stage of moral relativism, they have an autonomous moral viewpoint, they understand mutual respect and that rules are made through social agreement. They are able to recognise that there is a grey area between right and wrong and their moral decisions are based on intentions rather than consequences. Punishment is reciprocal i. e. shows balance between severity of the crime and the punishment received. He noted the importance of a child’s social environment and their interaction without an authority figure e. . in the school playground, here they learn to negotiate conflict and will start to understand resolution/compromise. According to Wright (1971) Piaget’s theory is supposed to show how a child’s practical moral development occurs but the evidence in fact was based on theoretical morality. Piaget linked this through the concept of conscious realization e. g. children can talk using the correct grammar long before they realize that there are rules that govern grammar.Implying that a child's practical morality shapes their theoretical morality; an adult’s moral influence won’t affect but will only help and guide a child’s theoretical morality catch up with their practical morality. Armsby (1971) suggests young children understand intention and show awareness to avoid damaging valued items, older children find it easier to differentiate the relation between intention and damage. Piaget’s stories confounds intentions and consequences, when approached separately Constanzo et al. 1973) confirmed that with adult disapproval six year olds judged on consequence regardless of intention but with adult approval they as with older children will consider intentions. Notably, social consequences are related to parental tendencies as children generally will have more experience in dealing with ill-intended acts. To sup port Piaget’s theory, Kruger (1992, cited in Gross, 1996) tested conflict resolution amongst children with and without an authoritarian figures involvement by giving them two moral dilemmas and questioning them afterwards.The children who had been paired with an adult had less real insight, lacking moral reasoning because they had given way to the adults understanding. When questioned afterwards, they had a less sophisticated stance-point than the children who had been paired together, showing the advantages attributable to egalitarian active discussion. As Piaget’s investigations were only based on a small amount of subjects, whereas Jose Linaza (1984) interviewed several hundred children in relation to a number of games; participants were from England and Spain, both boys and girls.He re-affirmed Piaget’s findings but found that depending on the games complexity this determined what age certain stages become more apparent, another notable finding was there was no difference between the English and the Spanish children. Turiel (1998) critic’s Piagets methods regarding the moral dilemma questions used as a child would find it difficult to be morally judgemental because of the drastic difference in consequence. i. e. fifteen cups versus one cup, thus tempting the child to ignore intention.Rule et el. (1974) shows that young children understand the difference in intention, particularly dependant on whether the act is pro-social or hostile i. e. if an aggressive act is in defence of another or not. Bandura, McDonald. (1963) doubted Piaget’s theory; in particular the concept of stages by explaining moral judgement through social learning theory, generally children imitated the models behaviour even if their reasoning differed.As social learning theory involves the key factors attention, retention, reproduction and motivation and children are said to be able to imitate others behaviour through observational learning, since moral b ehaviour can be observed and imitated there will be a definite link between SLT and moral development. Bandura et al(1961, cited in Haralambos & Rice, 2002) Bobo Dolls studies on SLT were criticised due to the artificial conditions i. e. he subjects were not geographically selected at random thus pre conditioning could have influenced results and because of the nature of the Bobo Dolls (they sprung back when struck) the children could then have perceived the aggression the models showed towards the dolls as a game. Therefore, the need to have an understanding for the aggression was lacking and since the children observed no vicarious punishment (verbal or physical) they would have no need to make a judgement, they didn’t have any reason to dissuade them from performing the behaviour.Interestingly, Langer (1975) replicating Banduras experiment concluded that his techniques confused the children. After viewing the model half of the children’s moral judgements remained th e same and when they did change their explanations didn’t. When a child is trying to form identification they will associate with and imitate/model themselves on other people’s behaviour/mannerisms. Though this is not confined necessarily and exclusively to parents as other family members, siblings in particular together with peers will play a significant part in a child’s behaviour.A child may imitate a complete stranger’s behaviour especially if vicarious reinforcement is shown as the child then has the motivation to imitate this particular behaviour. Children may imitate behaviour without the insight to make a moral judgement. Notably, Hoffman’s research observed that age dependant children are more likely to imitate a role models deviant behaviour rather than the models compliant behaviour, this emphasises a lack of moral development. (1970, cited in Bukatko & Daehler, 1998) Grusec et. l (1978) focused on whether or not a child would imitate a models good behaviour (donating/giving) with or without verbal instruction. What is shown in her results was that through observing, the majority of children, even without verbal instruction imitated the models behaviour. Nelson (1980) found that children as young as the age of three are able to make intentional based decisions regardless of consequence as long as information on intentions is made clear. Observational learning and principles of reinforcement can not adequately explain all aspects of moral development as a child’s cognitive processes are not fully explored.As explained by Turiel (1983) in this study, children who receive punishment too late for non-compliant behaviour seems to show a leniency towards deviant behaviour, the late timing mentioned only seems to confuse the children, once again showing a lack of understanding/judgement. Insightfully, the above-mentioned studies on moral development confirm clearly that children even from a very young age imitate o ther people’s behaviour and whether they understand the intentions or consequences of any particular behaviour is questionable especially at a young age.The concept of conscious realisation is a cognitive process which would only develop depending on the moral influences of a child’s socialization, emotional attachments, level of education and life experience. Bibliography Armsby, R. (1971) A re-examination of the development of moral judgements in children. Child Development, 42, 1242-1248 Bandura, A. & McDonald, F. J. (1963). Influence of social reinforcement and the behavior of models in shaping children's moral judgments. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67(3),  274-281. Bukatko, D. & Daehler, M. W. (1998).Child Development: A Thematic Approach. New York; Houghton Mifflin. p. 410. Costanzo, P. , Coie, J. , Grumet, J. , & Farnill, D. (1973). A re-examination of the effects of intent and consequence on children's moral judgements. Child Development, 44(1) , 154-161. Gross, R. (1996) Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behaviour. London: Houghton & Stoughton. p. 696. Grusec, J. E. , Kuczynski, L. , Rushton, J. P. , & Simutis, Z. M. (1978). Modelling, direct instruction, and attributions: Effects on altruism. Developmental Psychology, 14, 51–57. Haralambos, M. A. & Rice, D. (ed) (2002).Psychology in Focus, Ormskirk; Causeway Press. p. 316-317. Langer, J. (1975). Disequilibrium as a source of development. In P. Mussen, J. Langer, & M. Covington (Eds. ), Trends and issues in developmental psychology (pp. 22-37). New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston. Linaza, J. (1984). Piaget’s marbles: the study children’s games and their knowledge of rules. Oxford Review of Education, 10, 271-4. Nelson, S. A. (1980). Factors influencing young children's use of motives and outcomes as moral criteria. Child Development, 51, 823-829. Piaget, J. (1952), Moral Judgement of a Child, London : Routledge and K.Paul Rule, B. G. , Nesdale, A. R . , McAra, J. R. (1974) Children’s Reaction to the Information about the Intentions Underlying an Aggressive Act: Child Development, 45(3) pp 794-798 Turiel, E. (1983)  The Development of Social Knowledge: Morality and Convention. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Turiel, E. (1998) Moral development, in: W. Damon (Ed. ),  Handbook of Child Psychology, 5th Edition, Volume 3: N. Eisenberg (Ed. ), Social, Emotional, and Personality Development, pp. 863-932 (New York: Wiley). Wright, D. (1971). The psychology of moral behavior. Middlesex, England: Penguin Books.